Genome Sequencing
Next Genome Sequencing, more commonly known as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS),
is a modern DNA sequencing technology. It allows scientists to sequence entire genomes
quickly and affordably. Unlike traditional methods, which can only sequence short DNA fragments,
NGS can process millions of DNA strands simultaneously. This makes it incredibly powerful for
research in genetics, biology, and medicine, including cancer research, genetic disorder
diagnostics, and evolutionary studies. It has revolutionized the field by providing detailed
insights into genetic information at an unprecedented speed and scale, for identification of
infection, we are doing Next Generation Sequencing , more specifically we are doing it through
Oxford Nanopore sequencing technology.
What is Oxford Nanopore Sequencing
Oxford Nanopore Sequencing is a type of next-generation sequencing technology developed by
Oxford Nanopore Technologies. It uses nanopores—tiny holes in a membrane—to sequence DNA and
RNA molecules directly.
Here's a brief overview of how it works:
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Sample Preparation:
DNA or RNA is extracted and prepared with necessary adaptors.
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Nanopore Device:
The sample is then introduced to a device containing nanopores embedded in a
synthetic membrane.
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Sequencing Process:
As DNA or RNA strands pass through the nanopores, they disrupt an electric current across the membrane. Each nucleotide (A, T, C, G, or U for RNA)
causes a unique disruption in the current.
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Data Analysis:
These disruptions are measured and analyzed in real-time to determine the sequence of nucleotides.
Advantages of Oxford Nanopore Sequencing include the ability to sequence long reads,
real-time data generation, and portability, with devices like the MinION that can fit in a pocket.
This technology is useful for various applications such as real-time pathogen detection,
field-based environmental studies, and comprehensive genomic research.
Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) is a process that determines the complete DNA sequence of
an organism's genome at a single time. This method involves analyzing the entire set of genetic material,
covering all of the organism's chromosomes. WGS is used to identify variations, mutations, and anomalies
in the genetic code that might be linked to diseases, traits, or evolutionary changes. It's a powerful
tool in research, clinical diagnostics, and personalized medicine because it provides a
comprehensive view of an individual's genetic blueprint.
Process of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)
Sample Collection: DNA is extracted from the sample (blood, saliva, tissue, etc.).
DNA Fragmentation: The DNA is broken into smaller fragments.
Library Preparation: Adapters are added to the DNA fragments to prepare them for
sequencing.
Sequencing: The prepared DNA is fed into a sequencing machine, such as Illumina or PacBio, which reads the
nucleotide sequences of the fragments.
Data Assembly: The sequenced fragments are assembled into a continuous sequence using bioinformatics tools,
reconstructing the original genome.
Applications of Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS)
Medical Diagnostics: Identifying genetic mutations responsible for diseases, including rare genetic disorders,
cancers, and infectious diseases.
Advantages
Comprehensive Analysis: Provides a complete view of the genome,
allowing for the detection of a wide range of genetic variations.
Precision: Enables precise identification of genetic changes that may not be detectable with other methods.
In summary, whole genome sequencing is a powerful tool in modern genomics, offering comprehensive insights into genetic information with wide-ranging applications in medicine,
research, agriculture, and beyond.